Kalashnikov

Kalashnikov


7.62-mm Kalashnikov AK (AK-47)

Automatic AK is valid due to the removal of powder gases through a side opening in the barrel wall. Gas piston with a rod rigidly connected to the slide frame. After the withdrawal of the bolt under the action of pressure of gases in the desired distance the exhaust gases out into the atmosphere through the holes in the gas tube. Locking barrel by turning the bolt, the two lugs of the stopper engaging corresponding slots of the receiver. The rotating bolt is a bevel bolt. Slide is the leading element of automation: it sets the direction of motion of the movable parts takes most of the shock loads in the longitudinal channel of the bolt is placed the return spring (similar to submachine gun is sometimes not quite right is called "back and forth battle"). The cocking lever is mounted on the right and is integral with the slide frame. When unlocking the shutter moving back the slide frame is pre-rotation, and shift back slightly in the chamber of the sleeve. This prevents rupture of the sleeve during subsequent extraction. Ejection of spent cases to the right through the window of the receiver provide a shutter mounted on the spring-loaded ejector and a hard reflector receiver. "Posted" position of the moving parts in the receiver with relatively large gaps are ensured operation even in dusty conditions.

The firing mechanism is of hammer type with a spinning hammer and a U-shaped mainspring made of double twisted wire. The trigger mechanism allows for maintaining a continuous and single lamp. Single swivel item performs the functions of switch fire modes (translator) and a lever guard double action: in the protection state it locks the trigger, sear single and continuous fire and prevents the backward movement of the bolt, partially overlapping the longitudinal groove between the receiver and the lid. The shutter can go all the way back to check the chamber, but his speed is not enough for chambering the next cartridge into the chamber. All parts of automation and trigger mechanism are compactly assembled in the receiver, which plays thus the role and the slide box and the body of the trigger. Back stop guide rod recoil spring is in the groove of the receiver and serves as a latch stamped receiver cover.

The machine has a traditional sector sight with the location of the sighting pads in the middle part of the weapon and fly at the muzzle of the barrel, on a triangular base. Fly — height-adjustable, laterally covered "wings rack", the sight is graduated to 800 m. For holding and management serve as the pistol grip, handguard and handguard (connected to the gas tube) made of wood.

Production production of new weapons began in 1948 and took a lot of effort. The first batch of AK-47 had, in accordance with the task, stamped receiver with a barrel liner from forgings. However, the available technology did not allow then to achieve the required rigidity of the box, and in mass production, the cold forging was replaced by milling boxes of solid forgings, which caused an increase in the weight of the weapon. Constructive improvement of the machine continued in the course of serial production, and in the mid-50s, AK has reached its position of "standard of reliability". At the same time raises the question about complete replacement rifles carbines SKS. Since 1953 the place of work to alleviate the AK and improve the accuracy of his shooting.

Fire can be a few cartridges with ordinary, tracer, armor-piercing incendiary and incendiary bullets. Shop — steel (later complemented by shop light alloy), box-shaped, sector-shaped with a staggered arrangement 30 rounds.

In the slot of the butt of an AK-47 was placed in a box with accessories for care of arms. Ramrod mounted under the barrel and held in the channel of the forearm due to self pruinosity.

Thoughtfulness, design and technology doverennosti, comparative simplicity and elegance of the original scheme with the wide application of the principle of multifunctionality parts has led to a high reliability of the weapon under all conditions. The survivability of the barrel of the machine is 15-18 thousand shots. Equally important is ease of disassembly and maintenance.

The structure and operation of the machine

Basic parts and mechanisms of machine

1. The barrel to the receiver, butt and sighting device

2. Cover strolley box

3. Bayonet

4. The return mechanism

5. Bolt carrier with gas piston

6. Gasawa tube with receiver plate

7. Shutter

8. Ramrod

9. Handguard

10. Shop

11. Pencil case with prinadlezhnosti

12. Sheath


7.62 mm AKM and AKMS

In 1956 passed the test of a number of light assault rifles and hand guns. In April 1959 adopted adopted the "7.62-mm modernized Kalashnikov rifle (AKM)".

The weight reduction was achieved by changes in technology. Return to stamped receiver (by the time he managed to reach the required strength) not only reduced her weight but allowed 80% to reduce the consumption of metal A number of parts were made by powder metallurgy and casting. Except for the pistol grip: plastic, steel fabricating shop. The mass of weapons dropped by 700 g. the strength of the receiver cover increased transverse ribs.


To improve the accuracy has conducted a number of activities: design of the trigger was introduced by the moderator of the trigger, several which increased the cycle time of automation; the impact of the bolt was moved from right side to left; later was installed a muzzle compensator that uses the pressure of powder gases at the muzzle of the barrel to reduce "bounce" weapons. By improving the accuracy cutting scope was increased to 1000 m, although in real conditions the fire is conducted on much smaller ranges of up to 400-500 m. the Median deviation of hits at ranges of 800 m is 0.64-0.9 m



Instead of the detachable blade of the bayonet was introduced universal bayonet mod.1 (6X4), together with scabbard with rubber (for mod. 2 — plastic) overlay. The length of the blade was 150 mm. interestingly, the prototype of the bayonet-knife for AKM was a regular sea scouts knife (scuba divers).


The AKM also has a modification with a folding metal stock of the AKMS. Model AKMN and ACSN by attachment type "dovetail" on the left side of the receiver are suitable for podsvetochnogo (NSP-2) and bespozvonochnyh (NSP-3, later NSPU, NSPUM, NSPU-3) night sights.


On the barrel muzzle AKM mounts "the device is silent and flashless" PBS-1 (AK staged PBS), in conjunction with it is used a special cartridge with subsonic speed of a bullet.


Note that in the early 50-ies. began the work on creation of unified system of small arms on the basis of a single sample. As candidates for the baseline sample was considered the AK, SKS and RPD. The winner was the scheme of a Kalashnikov. After the adoption of the AKM and RPK formed 7.62 mm family: on the basis of major components and parts manufactured machines (24 node, 95 items) AKM, AKMS, AKMN and ACSN machine guns (node 33, 163 parts) RPK, RPKS. BCN and SSBNs. With 10 nodes and 80 parts are unified within the family. The main producers of rifles and light machine guns of system of Kalashnikov Izhevsk steel and Vyatsko-Polyansky machine-building plants.


Proven design and extremely high reliability (including firing bursts even when clogged with sand and waterlogging in the mud) created the Kalashnikov reputation as one of the best examples of individual automatic weapons in the world and ensured him a long life and high popularity. AK is widely spread around the world: he is in service with the armies of more than 55 countries, most of which are countries of Asia, Africa, Middle East and Latin America. In a half dozen countries produces its own samples AK


Characteristics of the AK-47 AKM AKMS

Cartridge 7,62x39 (mod. 1943)

Weight (empty) kg 4,07 2,93 3,13

Weight with loaded magazine, kg 4,7 3,6

Weight with bayonet, kg: 4,03 5,09

Length with bayonet, mm 1070 1020

Length without bayonet, mm 870 880

Length AKMS with folded butt — 640 mm

Barrel length — 415 mm

Rifling — 4, step 240 mm

Muzzle velocity — 715 m/s

Muzzle energy — 2019 j

Rate of fire — 660 RDS./min

The rate of combat - 40/100 RDS./min

Magazine capacity — 30 rounds

Sighting range — 800/1000/1000 m

The direct fire range at a body shape — 525 m


The 5.45 mm Kalashnikov AK-74 and AKS-74

Studies conducted in 1955-1965., allowed to conclude that "with a relatively large recoil of the 7.62-mm cartridge arr. 1943, the possibility of significantly reducing the dispersion of bullets when firing from automatic machine AKM by improving its construction is very limited". Was formulated tactical and technical requirements for the new rifle caliber 5.6 mm (then designated malinowskogo caliber cartridge), and in 1968 to the test were presented machines PA Tkachev, A. S. Konstantinova, A. I. Shilina, Yu. M. Sokolov, Yu. K. Aleksandrova, M. T. Kalashnikov. The results of range and military trials in first place on the fighting qualities out of the machine Konstantinov, the accuracy of which (the basic requirement) slightly higher than the accuracy of a new Kalashnikov. However, the system of the Kalashnikov, as providing greater reliability and ease of operation, besides unified with the already in production. At the same time, the group of designers under the leadership of V. M. Kuptsov V. Ph., Nikolenko has completed the development of the 5.45 reducing the caliber and weight (1.5 times), half the ratio between the weight of the bullet and powder charge compared to the cartridge 7,62x39 promised a significant increase in initial speed of a bullet, the increase in flatness of trajectory, reduced recoil, increased wear of ammunition without increasing the total weight of the display arrow.
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In January 1974, it has been adopted a new unified small complex weapons systems Kalashnikov under this cartridge — four models 5.45-mm machine gun and the same 5;45-mm light machine guns. The basic design of the AK-74 (the"Kalashnikov mod. 1974", ), almost completely repeated the scheme of the AKM, which unified 9 knots (36%) and 52 parts (53%) AK-74
Wide parts commonality with the AKM allowed us to quickly establish production of new weapons, has simplified the development of the AK-74. Mass production

5;45-mm assault rifles with the discontinuation of the AKM was organized in 1975

5.45 mm shortened AKS-74U

The new family of small weapons chambered in 5,45x39 entered a fundamentally new type of personal weapon — a shortened AKS-74U (6П26). To the creation of such weapons started in the mid 70-ies. — after the adoption of an intermediate cartridge of small calibre. The development involved a number of designers. In 1979, he adopted the pattern constructed on the basis of assemblies and parts have been produced AKS-74, which greatly simplified the production, development and maintenance of new types of weapons.

The barrel of the AKS-74U shortened to 206,5 mm. muzzle velocity dropped to 735 m/s effective range has been reduced to 400 m. the Shortening of the trunk made to carry back the gas chamber, to change the fastening fly. Accordingly, the reduced length of the piston rod and the gas tube. Increased gas pressure at the muzzle end of the barrel demanded installation of more powerful flame.

The assignment back the gas chamber reduced the cycle time of automation and increased the rate of fire of 700 RDS./min. For better stabilization of the bullet in flight with a short barrel increased the steepness of the rifling — the stroke length of rifling was reduced from 200 to 160. However, this increases the tension in the shell of the bullet. Ramp-type sight was replaced rocker 1-shaped as a whole, calculated on the firing range to 350 and 350-500 m, making sight on the cover of the receiver has allowed to lengthen the line of sight (235 mm). Cover the receiver made a flip-up hinged.

AKS-74U has modifications AKS-74УН and AKS-74УН2 adapted for mounting night sights NSPU and NSPUM. Option AKS74-UX adapted for mounting on the muzzle of the PBS, in addition can be mounted under-barrel grenade launcher silent BS-1.


AKS-74U has a very small size. Its main advantage in comparison with submachine gun — a single with other samples of small arms cartridge. Use the AKS-74U as a standard armament of airborne troops is not justified because of the low effective firing range. More useful was this compact and lightweight weapon for special forces units, weapons crews of combat vehicles, special forces, volunteers, sappers, etc AKS-74U "Kid" came in handy also the police, protection of government buildings, the collectors. Portability allows short machine without interference to cope with them closely on the street, indoor, car. The nodes of the AKS-74U is widely used in the 9 mm prototype submachine gun "Bizon-2". h

Specifications AK-74 AKS-74 AKS-74U

Cartridge the 5.45 39

Weight empty, kg 3,07 2,97 2,485


Weight with loaded magazine, kg


3,6 3,0 3,0

Weight with bayonet, kg 4,09 3,99

Length with bayonet, mm 1089 1089

Length without bayonet, mm 940 940 730


Length with folded

butt, mm 700 490

Barrel length, mm 415 415 206,5

Rifling 4

Pitch of rifling, mm 200 200 160

Muzzle velocity, m/s 900 900 735

Muzzle energy, j 1377 918 1377

The rate of fire, RDS./min 600 600 700

Combat rate of fire,

RDS./min 40-100 40-100 40-100

Magazine capacity, 30

Sighting range, m 1000 1000 350

The direct fire range

at the growth figure, m 625 625 350

Intermediate cartridge

Live ammunition consists of bullets, casings, powder charge and primer.

Sleeve designed to connect all parts of the cartridge, the powder charge protection from external effects and to prevent breakthrough of the powder gases in the direction of the shutter.

Powder charge according to the pool forward movement, it is composed of pyroxylin powder. The primer is to ignite the powder charge. It consists of a brass cap embedded in his shock of the whole and circle foil covering the drum part.

Ammo mod. 1943 produced with ordinary bullets, and with bullets of special purpose — tracer and armor-piercing incendiary. Standard bullet is designed to defeat manpower located openly and behind the masks, punched bullet.

Tracer bullet is used to defeat the enemy I was targeting. The glowing trail from the tracer is visible at a distance up to 800 meters and allows you to adjust the fire. The head part tracer bullet painted green. Armor-piercing incendiary ammunition is intended for ignition of flammable liquids and defeat enemy personnel located behind light armoured coverings, at ranges up to 300 m.

The bullet head part is painted in black with a red belt.

Combat cartridge

1 - bullet; 2-casing; 3 - a powder charge; 4 - capsule; 5 - cartridge case muzzle; 6-groove;7 - up; 8 - seed hole; 9 - percussion composition

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