I live in the USSR!

stalker7162534
Well, at least on the quality of technology. If you make 10,000 tanks from the First World War, then this army will not be more modern than the one that has at least 100 tanks from the Second World War. Or an army that has 15 million people with mosinki more modern than a 1 million army with a Kalashnikov.

Or an army that has 15 million people at its disposal with mosinki will not be more modern than a 1 million army with a Kalashnikov.
It is true, it will not be more modern. But ... The victory will still be won by the 15 millionth one.

Vanya Rygalov
Even if some Indians who have never fired from such a weapon run around with these mosinki?

Zakharenko Sergey
Heh, heh ... Well ... unless they just run.

stalker7162534
Good.
A distinctive feature of Russia as an empire was the endless wars that it waged, which inevitably led to huge budget deficits, because the economy always needed an additional issue of banknotes. One of the most costly was the Crimean War, which forced the printing of large quantities of paper money. In the era of military campaigns and reforms of Alexander II, the total budget deficits amounted, astronomical for those times, 1 billion rubles. moreover, half of this billion falls on 1855-1856. Such huge costs had to be covered by foreign borrowings. The colossal growth of the national debt led to the fact that in the budget of 1857 from 268 million rubles. income, 100 million rubles. was intended to service debt. Following the reign of Alexander II, the national debt has tripled.
The Russo-Japanese War forced to increase the amount of borrowing even more. The national debt increased from 6.6 billion rubles. up to 8.7 billion rubles. The place of the main creditor of the Russian Empire (about 60% of borrowings) belonged to France.
In 1887-1913. The West invested 1,783 million gold rubles in Russia. During the same period, net income was exported from Russia - 2326 million gold rubles (the excess of income over investments for 26 years - by 513 million gold rubles). Interest payments and loan repayments of up to 500 million gold rubles were annually transferred abroad (in modern prices, this is 15 billion dollars).
For the period from 1888-1908. Russia had a positive trade balance with other countries in the amount of 6.6 billion gold rubles. This amount was 1.6 times higher than the cost of all Russian industrial enterprises and their working capital. In other words, having built 2 enterprises in Russia, the West used Russian money to build 3 enterprises at home. Therefore, the average per capita income in tsarist Russia grew much slower than the average per capita income of those countries that robbed Russia with their "investments and loans".
Moreover, all these enterprises did not belong to Russia at all. Take, for example, the book "Securities of the Russian State", published in Moscow in 1995. In it, the authors provide photographs of samples of securities. Having carefully examined these photographs, we see that the Russian industry has been practically divided between the Western states.
So, for example, shares of enterprises, banks and railways of the Russian Empire had inscriptions in Russian, German, English and French, in addition to distribution addresses in St. Petersburg and Moscow, they had distribution addresses in Europe and the United States. In other words, at least 2/3 of Russia's industry did not belong to it and worked not for the welfare of the country, but for supporting the growth of foreign economies.
First of all, Russia lagged behind the USA, England, Germany and France even in terms of industrial production. Its share in the total industrial production of the five above-mentioned powers was only 4.2%. In 1913, the share of Russia in global production was 1.72%, the share of the United States was 20%, England - 18%, Germany - 9%, France - 7.2% (these are all countries with a population 2-3 times less than Russia).
And this despite the fact that in Russia in 1913 there was a record (80 million tons) grain harvest. Russia exported about 10 million tons of grain annually abroad. As a result, in terms of bread consumption, Russia consumed 345 kilograms of bread per person per year. USA 992 kilograms, Denmark 912 kilograms, France 544, Germany 432 kilograms. At one time about this situation in Germany, V.I. Lenin said a very interesting phrase: "In Germany, not just hunger reigned, but a brilliantly organized famine." - 3.5 times, France, Belgium, Holland, Australia, New Zealand, Spain - 3 times, Austria-Hungary - 2 times.
Russia continued to lag behind - in 1913 its GNP correlated with Germany's GNP as 3.3 to 10, while in 1850 the ratio was 4 to 10.
When people talk about economic growth, they somehow leave aside one very interesting thing - despite economic growth, per capita income in Russia from 1885 to 1913 fell by almost half, the gap with developed countries almost doubled. That is, Russia did not develop, Russia regressed. By 1913, Russia had lost its economic sovereignty. This is only the property in Russia that belonged to foreign capital. Not to mention even the loans that were taken.
The First World War, into which the Russian Empire entered in 1914, with particular clarity revealed the viciousness of the economic model adopted as a result: the gold reserve, which at the beginning of the war amounted to 1.7 billion rubles. in 1914, in 1915, a year later, it decreased to 1.3 billion rubles. and by January 1917 it amounted to 1.1 billion rubles. The external debt in the first year of the war increased from 8.8 billion rubles. in 1914, up to 10.5 billion rubles. in 1915, and by January 1917 it was at all - 33.6 billion rubles.
There was not enough weapons for the army, food for the country. The issuance of money not backed by gold began. Inflation has reached 13,000%. The peasants refused to sell food, and at the end of 1916 the state was forced to introduce food appropriation.
It turned out that at state-owned factories 122 millimeter shrapnel costs 15 rubles per pound, and at a private plant 35 because the main defense plants in Petrograd and the Urals belonged to foreign capital.
As a result, the Russian Empire collapsed, unable to withstand the test of the world war. The Provisional Government that replaced it not only did not correct the state of affairs in the economy, but, on the contrary, made them even more aggravated. The already huge national debt grew by July 1917 to 44 billion rubles. and by October it was 60 billion rubles. Inflation continued in the country - an excess of money in circulation. Its inevitable companion was the depreciation of money and the rise in prices. By February 1917, the purchasing power of the ruble was 27 kopecks, by October 1917, the purchasing power of the ruble had dropped to 6-7 kopecks at the pre-war level. The Bolsheviks came to replace the politically defeated Provisional Government, who took upon themselves the heavy burden of solving all the accumulated problems. An analysis of the economic state of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and up to October 1917 clearly shows that the transfer of the Russian Empire onto the rails of liberal monetarism ended in collapse and disaster for it. Unfortunately, since the collapse of the USSR, Russia is being led the same way.

The rural population constituted the overwhelming majority of the population of Russia (according to the data of 1897 - 86.6%). Therefore, the level of literacy of the rural population is decisive for the general literacy of the entire population of the country. We will start from 1867. For example, let's take the Kostroma province. Data source - "Materials for statistics of the Kostroma province", edited by V. Pirogov, 1870, no. II, 1875. Population - 1033.8 thousand people, including literate - 89.0 thousand people. The percentage of literate people is 8.6 (!). At the same time, the percentage of literate men is 16.1, and the percentage of literate women is only 2.0 (!) (A reason to write about the equality of women and men in the Russian Empire?). It should be noted that in individual counties, the percentage of literate among the rural population was different. So, among the male population of the Chukhloma district, the literate was 33, 9%, Kostroma - 23.1% and Soligalichsky - 23.1%. At the same time, in the Makaryevsky district there were only 9.9% of the literate, in Varnavinsky - 9.2% and Vetluzhsky - 4.8%. The differences in literacy rates were even more significant in individual volosts. In particular, in 1867 there were no literate women in the population of 15 volosts of the districts of Nerekhtsky, Yuryevetsky, Makaryevsky and Vetluzhsky. And now I cite the data for the Moscow province for 1869. Population - 1183.3 thousand people, including literate - 88.6 thousand people. The percentage of literate people is 7.5 (!). Lower than in the Kostroma province in 1867! At the same time, the percentage of literate men is 13.6, and the percentage of literate women is only 1.8 (!) (Rural women, after all, were fundamentally unlucky with education in the Russian Empire!). Differences in literacy rates for individual counties were very significant: 11.5% - in Kolomenskoye, 10.3% - in Bogorodsky, 4.1% - in Vereisky and Ruzsky districts. Among the female population, the percentage of literate people in some districts of the Moscow province was: in Mozhaisk - 0.5%, in Ruz - 0.4%, i.e. there was only one literate for every 200-250 women! And this is not in the outskirts of the empire, somewhere in the Far East or the Urals, this is the center of European Russia! And what was the situation with regard to the education of the peasantry, say, in the Kharkov province at the same period? Source - G. Danilevsky "On the education of the lower classes in Russia, Rural schools and public education in the Kharkov province, Otechestvennye zapiski" No. 4, 1864, pp. 533-535. By January 1, 1864, there were 285 public schools in the Kharkov province for 1.300 thousand peasants, in total 2790 people of both sexes studied in these schools. Hence, in the province there is 1 student per 133 people of the peasant class! G. Danilevsky writes: “It turns out that wherever I was, to my inquiries in the volost boards of the chamber and former landlord peasants, as well as in the headquarters and offices of settlements, I was told that there really was an average of one hundred souls of peasants in each village I visited, or literate volosts, adults and youngsters, there are currently no more than 2 and rarely 3 people. In reality, there are villages and volosts, especially landowners and former military men, where for 300 souls or more inhabitants there is not a single literate. " Well, to finish with this period of time, we read one more source: M. Superansky "Primary public school in the Simbirsk province", 1906, p. 72. "In general, there were very few literate peasants. Sometimes in the whole village there was not a single literate. Even among specific peasants, the positions of foremen and headmen were often filled by illiterate people. The school did not instill a love for books, which at the same time were difficult for peasants to get, and therefore those who went through school soon forgot their literacy, which they had learned with difficulty and to a weak degree.
Now let's see how the situation has changed with the percentage of literate rural residents at the time of 1908-1913. Source - Collection "Zemsky household censuses of 1880-1913." The most interesting thing is that these data are not about educated people, but about: literate, semi-literate and students. Such is the "collection". (It would be interesting to ask the author of these data a question about how the literate one, in his opinion, differs from the semi-literate one, maybe the difference is the same as between the smart and the half-witted?) But okay, we consider it as it is. 1st place. The highest percentage of literate, semi-literate and student villagers in the Moscow province - 41.7%. Compared to the data of 1869 (7.5%), this is certainly progress! Here is just one "BUT". The research was carried out only in 4 counties, and then only partially! (as stated in the table). There is truth and one significant plus: among men, the percentage is 58.6, among women - 25.9 (!) (for those who do not remember, I remind you that in 1869 the percentage of literate women in the Moscow province was only 1.8). In second place. With a noticeable lag, the Tver province came here - 34.1% of literate, semi-literate, etc. In 3rd place. Olonets province - 30.4%. The rest of the "achievements" are as follows. Tula province - 28.5% Kharkov province - 25.1% Poltava province - 23.7% Vologda province - 22.0% Novgorod province - 21.6% Kaluga province - 20.3% Samara province - 19.5% Simbirsk province province - 15.6% Penza province - 14.8%. Two words about the outsider - Penza province. Survey period 1910-1912. Literate, semi-literate and students 25.9% of men, women - 3.8%. On average for the indicated provinces for the period 1908-1913. literate was 24-25% of the total rural population. Moreover, among men in these provinces, 38% were literate, and among women - 4 times less - 9% (!). Thus, 9/10 women in rural areas of Russia in 1908-1913. were illiterate. The Vologda, Simbirsk and Penza provinces stood out especially sharply in this respect, where the percentage of literate among women in 1910-1912. was about 7 times less than among men (!). The conclusion is this. Although over 45 years (from the mid-60s of the 19th century to 1908-1913) the literacy of the rural population increased from 5-6 to 24-25%, nevertheless ¾ of the population of the village remained illiterate. was about 7 times less than among men (!). The conclusion is this. Although over 45 years (from the mid-60s of the 19th century to 1908-1913) the literacy of the rural population increased from 5-6 to 24-25%, nevertheless ¾ of the population of the village remained illiterate. was about 7 times less than among men (!). The conclusion is this. Although over 45 years (from the mid-60s of the 19th century to 1908-1913) the literacy of the rural population increased from 5-6 to 24-25%, nevertheless ¾ of the population of the village remained illiterate.

Do not lie that the fallen country
Was the abode of evil and falsehood.
I remember these times,
I remember everything that was before

There was no wolf squabble,
There people believed each other.
And instead of "Weak push" -
Always stretched out your hand.

There, sex did not climb ahead of love,
There brotherhood was just a brotherhood,
And they did not teach on TV
All permissible fucking.

There is a thief, a bandit, a scoundrel and scum
They were afraid of a strong law,
And
Themis was never born in slavery to Mammon.

I remember those times.
I remember everything and will not forget,
Do not lie that the fallen country
Was the abode of evil ... Judas!

almost all of continental Europe by 1941, one way or another, entered the Third Reich. Of the more than two dozen European countries that existed by June 1941, nine - Spain, Italy, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia and Croatia - together with Germany and Austria entered the war against the USSR. The rest also resisted the enemy for a short time:
Monaco - 1 day, Luxembourg - 1 day, Netherlands - 6 days, Belgium - 8 days, Yugoslavia - 12 days, Greece - 24 days, Poland - 36 days, France - 43 days, and then actually joined the aggressor and worked for his industry ...
Even supposedly neutral countries - Switzerland and Sweden - did not stand aside. They provided fascist Germany with the right of free transit through their territory of military goods, and also received huge profits from trade. The trade turnover of "neutral" Portugal with the Nazis was so successful that in May 1945 it declared a three-day mourning in connection with the death of Hitler.
But that's not all.
- The nationality of all those who died in the battles on the Russian front is difficult or even impossible to establish. But the composition of the servicemen taken prisoner by our army during the war is known. Germans and Austrians - 2,546,242 people; 766,901 people belonged to other nations that declared war on us: Hungarians, Romanians, Italians, Finns and others, but another 464,147 prisoners of war - these are the French, Belgians, Czechs and representatives of other European states that did not seem to be at war with us - cites terrible figures of betrayal historian Vadim Kozhinov. - And while this multinational army was winning victories on the Russian front, Europe was, in general, on the side of the Third Reich.

That is why, according to the recollections of the participants, during the signing of the act of surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945, the head of the German delegation, Field Marshal Keitel, seeing persons in French military uniform among those present at the ceremony, could not contain his surprise: “How ?! And these also defeated us, or what ?! "

Igor Yannaev
Very interesting. Highly. Will there be colipaster comments?

Vanya Rygalov
And that Mr. stalker7162534 took his data from his own head?

Besides, he asked for a lot of numbers and I gave them to him.

In 1940, Germany had the most modern army in the world.

Give the numbers - how many tanks and aircraft were there?


Well, and the last (you will excuse the many letters and numbers)

The armed forces of Nazi Germany before the attack on the Soviet Union totaled 8.5 million people. The ground forces (5.2 million people) had 179 infantry and cavalry, 35 motorized and tank divisions and 7 brigades. Of these, 119 infantry and cavalry (66.5%), 33 motorized and tank (94.3%) divisions and two brigades were deployed against the USSR (see Table 157). In addition, 29 divisions and 16 brigades of Germany's allies, Finland, were put on alert near the borders of the Soviet Union. Hungary and Romania. In total, the eastern grouping of troops of fascist Germany and its allies numbered 5.5 million people, 47.2 thousand guns and mortars, 4.3 thousand tanks and about 5 thousand combat aircraft. The Wehrmacht also had captured tanks from Czechoslovakia and France. At the beginning of the war, the Soviet Armed Forces had 303 divisions and 22 brigades, of which 166 divisions and 9 brigades were deployed in the western military districts (LenVO, PribOVO, ZAPOVO, KOVO, OdVO). They numbered 2.9 million people, 32.9 thousand guns and mortars (excluding 50-mm, 14.2 thousand tanks, 9.2 thousand combat aircraft. This is slightly more than half of the total combat and numerical strength of the Red Army and In total, by June 1941, the army and the navy had 4.8 million personnel, 76.5 thousand guns and mortars (excluding 50-mm mortars), 22.6 thousand tanks, about 20 thousand airplanes In addition, in the formations of other departments, which were on allowances in the NKO, there were 74,944 people; the list number of troops (forces) with the announcement of mobilization. The most important component of combat effectiveness is the quantity and quality of weapons and military equipment. The strike and maneuverability of troops, the variety and effectiveness of the methods of combat they use are determined by the level of their technical equipment. Before the attack on the USSR after the campaigns in Western Europe and Poland, the equipment of the German Wehrmacht was left with samples of weapons and equipment that showed the best efficiency in hostilities, a number of manufactured types of weapons were modernized, all equipment was repaired and its resource was brought to the required level for successful use in war. In the Soviet Union, when preparing the Red Army for protection from a possible attack from outside, much attention was also paid to its technical equipment. However, the quality of its weapons was inferior to the German one.

In the Soviet Armed Forces, including in the western military districts, reserve armies of the High Command, moving forward to the western borders, there was a large number of weapons and military equipment of outdated models or with insufficiently high tactical and technical characteristics that needed major and medium repairs. This is explained by the fact that, which began in the late 20s and early 30s of the XX century. the development of the industrial and scientific-technical base of the country did not allow immediately designing and producing the highest quality weapons. 10-12 years before the war, a large number of weapons and military equipment were produced in the USSR, which quickly became obsolete, lagging behind the requirements of the time. They had to be removed from the equipment of the army and replaced with new ones. However, the defense industries have not been able to cope with this. At the same time, there was an increase in the number of tank, artillery, and aviation formations, especially after 1939, with the transition to manning the army under the law on universal conscription and in the face of the growing threat of war. Outdated models of military equipment remained in the armed forces and were sent to equip new formations.

Igor Yannaev
Mr. stalker7162534, as a rule, comments on the data he got from the network. That is, he, unlike you, has his own thoughts.
It would not hurt you to do the same at least occasionally.

Igor Yannaev
almost all of continental Europe by 1941, one way or another, entered the Third Reich.
Thus, I can blurt out "one way or another" the whole world entered the USSR.

Of the more than two dozen European countries that existed by June 1941, nine - Spain, Italy, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia and Croatia - together with Germany and Austria entered the war against the USSR.
Have you been banned from Wikipedia? https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War
So, you don't even know which countries participated in WWII.
And by the way, you owe it, you have not substantiated anything that Germany had the most modern army.

About tsarist Russia later, there are too many letters, you need to read, check, comprehend.
ps
I already gave a link to the forum where there are many figures for tsarist Russia.

Vanya Rygalov
What does my own thoughts have to do with it when we talk about historical data? And if I were not in solidarity with this information, I would not have posted it here on my own behalf.

Igor Yannaev
And if I had not been in solidarity with this information, I would not have posted it here on my own behalf.
By the way, do you agree with these lines?

About how many wonderful discoveries we are preparing the
spirit of enlightenment
And experience, the son of difficult mistakes,
And a genius, friend of paradoxes,
And chance, God is an inventor ...

If yes, then what prevents you from laying it out on your own behalf?

what are you arguing, the USSR is already history!

Vanya Rygalov
I think, if you need it, you will be able to determine from the text where I copied it from. If the problem is that I did not provide the links to the original sources, then I am sorry. But there is no need to get away from the topic. If you think that the data is not correct, you can refute it.

Zakharenko Sergey
Well, at least on the quality of technology.

Agree. In 1939, the best German tank was armed with a 37 mm cannon. While Soviet tanks are 45 mm. And then there were only 90 T-3s with 37 mm guns in the Wehrmacht, while the USSR then had thousands of tanks with 45 mm guns.

Here's a fresh video on the topic, listen to a competent person and stop measuring squeaks!)